my book report essays

my book report essays Realism in Uncle Vanya and A Doll's House A play serves as the author's tool for critiquing society. One rarely encounters the ability to transcend accepted social beliefs. These plays reflect controversial issues that the audience can relate to because they interact in the same situations every day. As late nineteenth century playwrights point out the flaws of mankind they also provide an answer to the controversy. Unknowingly the hero or heroine solves the problem at the end of the play and indirectly sends a message to the audience on how to solve their own problem. Henrik Ibsen and Anton Chekov both provide unique analysis on issues their culture never thought as wrong. In the play A Doll's House Ibsen tackles women's rights as a matter of importance being neglected. In his play he acknowledges the fact that in nineteenth century European life the role of the women was to stay home, raise the children, and attend to her husband. Chekov illustrates the role of a dysfunctional family and how its members are effected. Both of the aforementioned problems are solved through the playwrights' recommendations and the actions of the characters. In the plays A Doll's House and Uncle Vanya the authors use realism to present a problem and solution to controversial societal issues. While both plays mainly concentrate on the negative aspects of culture, there are positive facets explored by the playwrights. In A Doll's House Henrik Ibsen focuses on the lack of power and authority given to women, but through Nora we also see the strength and willpower masked by her husband Torvald. To save her husband's life Nora secretly forges her father's signature and receives a loan to finance a trip to the sea. Nora's naivety of the law puts her in a situation that questions her morality and dedication. Nora is not aware that under the law she is a criminal. She believes that her forgery is justified through her motive. She is not a criminal like Kro...

Heres How to Use Attribution to Avoid Plagiarism in Your News Stories

Heres How to Use Attribution to Avoid Plagiarism in Your News Stories Recently I was editing a story by a student of mine at the community college where I teach journalism. It was a sports story, and at one point there was a quote from one of the professional teams in nearby Philadelphia. But the quote was simply placed in the story with no attribution. I knew it was highly unlikely that my student had landed a one-on-one interview with this coach, so I asked him where he had gotten it. I saw it in an interview on one of the local cable sports channels, he told me. Then you need to attribute the quote to the source, I told him. You need to make it clear that the quote came from an interview done by a TV network. This incident raises two issues that students often are unfamiliar with, namely, attribution and plagiarism. The connection, of course, is that you must use proper attribution in order to avoid plagiarism. Attribution Lets talk about attribution first. Any time you use information in your news story that doesnt come from your own firsthand, original reporting, that information must be attributed to the source where you found it. For example, lets say youre writing a story about how students at your college are being affected by changes in gas prices. You interview lots of students for their opinions and put that in your story. Thats an example of your own original reporting. But lets say you also cite statistics about how much gas prices have risen or fallen recently. You might also include the average price of a gallon of gas in your state or even across the country. Chances are, you probably got those numbers from a website, either a news site like The New York Times, or a site that specifically focuses on crunching those kinds of numbers. Its fine if you use that data, but you must attribute it to its source. So if you got the information from The New York Times, you must write something like this: According to The New York Times, gas prices have fallen nearly 10 percent in the last three months. Thats all thats required. As you can see, attribution isnt complicated. Indeed, attribution is very simple in news stories, because you dont have to use footnotes or create bibliographies the way you would for a research paper or essay. Simply cite the source at the point in the story where the data is used. But many students fail to properly attribute information in their news stories. I often see articles by students that are full of information taken from the Internet, none of it attributed. I dont think these students are consciously trying to get away with something. I think the problem is the fact that the Internet offers a seemingly infinite amount of data thats instantly accessible. Weve all gotten so accustomed to googling something we need to know about, and then using that information in whatever way we see fit. But a journalist has a higher responsibility. He or she must always cite the source of any information they havent gathered themselves. (The exception, of course, involves matters of common knowledge. If you say in your story that the sky is blue, you dont need to attribute that to anyone, even if you havent looked out the window for a while.) Why is this so important? Because if you dont properly attribute your information, youll be vulnerable to charges of plagiarism, which is just about the worst sin a journalist can commit. Plagiarism Many students dont understand plagiarism in quite this way. They think of it as something thats done in a very broad and calculated way, such as copying and pasting a news story from the Internet, then putting your byline on top and sending it to your professor. Thats obviously plagiarism. But most cases of plagiarism that I see involve the failure to attribute information, which is a much more subtle thing. And often students dont even realize they are engaging in plagiarism when they cite unattributed information from the Internet. To avoid falling into this trap, students must clearly understand the distinction between firsthand, original reporting and information gathering, i.e., interviews the student has conducted him or herself, and secondhand reporting, which involves getting information that someone else has already gathered or acquired. Lets return to the example involving gas prices. When you read in The New York Times that gas prices have fallen 10 percent, you may think of that as a form of information-gathering. After all, you are reading a news story and getting information from it. But remember, to ascertain that gas prices had fallen 10 percent, The New York Times had to do its own reporting, probably by talking to someone at a government agency that tracks such things. So in this case the original reporting has been done by The New York Times, not you. Lets look at it another way. Lets say you personally interviewed a government official who told you that gas prices had fallen 10 percent. That is an example of you doing original reporting. But even then, you would need to state who was giving you the information, i.e., the name of the official and the agency that he works for.   In short, the best way to avoid plagiarism in journalism is to do your own reporting and attribute any information that doesnt come from your own reporting. Indeed, when writing a news story its better to air on the side of attributing information too much rather than too little. An accusation of plagiarism, even of the unintended kind, can quickly ruin a journalists career. Its a can of worms you just dont want to open. To cite just one example, Kendra Marr was a rising star at Politico.com when editors discovered  shed lifted material from articles done by competing news outlets. Marr wasnt given a second chance. She was fired. So when in doubt, attribute.